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Clinical Endpoints and Economic Parameters for Market Access and Value Creation
Anish Desai,
Nilesh Mahajan,
Reshmi Pillai
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 6, November 2016
Pages:
151-157
Received:
24 August 2016
Accepted:
10 September 2016
Published:
15 October 2016
Abstract: On the contrary to limited and shrinking health care budgets, there is an ever increasing pressure on healthcare system providers for more and newer resource-oriented health care along with significant cost constraints. Therefore, one should not be surprised if an effective new therapy does not find its way in practice within publicly funded health care systems. The influence of any therapy on health care costs and outcomes is essential important and is most often considered by decision makers, who have difficult task of making a choice whether already scarce resources should be invested in providing a the therapy or not. Usually simultaneous use of economic evaluation helps estimate the clinical benefits and costs of a therapy. Evidence of value for money is increasingly desired along with clinical safety and efficacy by stakeholders spread across formulary committees, reimbursement authorities, and national health-care systems etc. Today a variety of tools and techniques are available for conducting economic analyses of medical interventions, however one of the most common methodological approaches is to collect data on outcomes and costs alongside clinical trials. Moreover, the opportunities presented by utilizing real world evidence model in day-to-day clinical setup should be well utilized for capturing economic endpoints. Physicians, Patients, payers, providers and policy makers the 5 Ps are looking for awareness, adoption, affordability and accessibility the 4As. To achieve this Clinical-economic evaluation is critical for any new technology.
Abstract: On the contrary to limited and shrinking health care budgets, there is an ever increasing pressure on healthcare system providers for more and newer resource-oriented health care along with significant cost constraints. Therefore, one should not be surprised if an effective new therapy does not find its way in practice within publicly funded health...
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Awareness, Accessibility and Utilization of Insecticide Treated Net in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State
Usiplawrence P. E.,
Ekwere U. L.
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 6, November 2016
Pages:
158-165
Received:
6 July 2016
Accepted:
8 August 2016
Published:
18 October 2016
Abstract: The study on Awareness, accessibility and utilization of insecticide treated nets in Uyo the capital City of Akwa Ibom State Nigeria was investigated between June to November 2015. Randomly selected household were used for the study. Data was collected using pre tested semi – structured interviewer administered questionnaires. Test of statistical significance were carried out using chi square tests of statistical significance. Each respondent represented a household. A total of 600 questionnaires were administered out of which 570 (95%) were completely filled and returned. Findings from this study showed that 250 (45.23%) of the population were within the age range of 21-30yrs. Greater percentage 435 (76.32%) were aware of ITN but there was a comparative reduction in accessibility 327 (57.37%) and utilization 393 (68.95%). Eighty four (19.31%) got their information from radio and 500 (87.72%) acknowledged that malaria is transmitted by mosquito but only 287 (50.35%) recognized Anopheles mosquito as the real transmission agent. Some of the barriers for non usage of ITN include inconveniences, Non availability, generation of heat and other difficulties encountered. There is need for educational enlightenment campaign on the sustained use of ITNs in the Area.
Abstract: The study on Awareness, accessibility and utilization of insecticide treated nets in Uyo the capital City of Akwa Ibom State Nigeria was investigated between June to November 2015. Randomly selected household were used for the study. Data was collected using pre tested semi – structured interviewer administered questionnaires. Test of statistical s...
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Occupational Stress Among Nurses Working in Intensive Care Units in Public Hospitals of Khartoum State, Sudan 2016
Randa Abdalla Mohamedkheir,
Zeinab Mohamed Amara,
Siham Ahmed Balla,
Haieder Abu Ahmed Mohamed
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 6, November 2016
Pages:
166-171
Received:
19 September 2016
Accepted:
30 September 2016
Published:
25 October 2016
Abstract: Background: Stress is frequently associated with critical care nursing. Nurses experience stressful situations in their daily working environments. Objective: To study occupational stress and stressors experienced by nurses working in intensive care units at public hospitals of Khartoum state. Methods: A cross-section study was carried at 14 public hospitals. A sample of 139 nurses was chosen by a simple random sampling technique. The nurses were interviewed by a questionnaire including Expanded Nursing Stress Likert Scale and the main factors that contribute to work-related stress. Data was managed by statistical package for social science version 20. Results: The mean score of overall occupational stress experienced by nurses was 1.88 with standard deviation of 0.50. The analysis of stress domains revealed that nurses rated the death and dying situations as the most stressful (M=2.23; SD=0.56), followed by workload (M=2.16; SD=0.61) and problems with supervisors (M=2.07; SD=0.82). The mean of occupational stress perceived when dealing with patients and their families was 1.92 ± 0.62 and stress due to uncertainty concerning treatments was 1.92 ± 0.68. While less occupational stress encountered in situations of problems with peers (M=1.89; SD=0.72), inadequate preparations (M=1.87; SD=0.74) and conflicts with physicians (M=1.73; SD=0.68). The least stressful domain was discrimination (M=1.10; SD= 0.82). Perceived occupational stress is significantly affected by socio-demographic determinants of participants such as marital status, working experiences and the type of ICU. Conclusions: The main sources of stress experienced by critical care nurses in Khartoum state hospitals were death and dying situations and workload. Work experiences were found to be significantly associated with stress perception in critical care nurses. The findings suggest that perceived stress does vary within different types of intensive care units.
Abstract: Background: Stress is frequently associated with critical care nursing. Nurses experience stressful situations in their daily working environments. Objective: To study occupational stress and stressors experienced by nurses working in intensive care units at public hospitals of Khartoum state. Methods: A cross-section study was carried at 14 public...
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Reaction of Men to Breast-Implants of Women
Katharina Grundmann,
Klaus Hoffmann,
Erich Kasten
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 6, November 2016
Pages:
172-178
Received:
2 October 2016
Accepted:
19 October 2016
Published:
9 November 2016
Abstract: Goal of this study was the investigation of men’s attitudes toward breast-implants of women. It was examined which opinion men have in regard to artificial filled breasts and whether a preference for big breasts exists, even if the breasts are filled with an implant. A questionnaire was developed, which registered men’s opinions concerning breast-implants; it included 12 items on a Likert Scale; mostly the items were bi- or unipolar, others were asked as open text. The inner consistency of the items was Cronbach's Alpha = 0.741. For the investigation of personality factors the Freiburger Personality Inventory (FPI-R) was used. These questionnaires were published via SosciSurvey, and spread through distribution in social networks. The original sample of n=109 included exclusively male persons between 18-54 years. After use of exclusion criteria, ultimately 81 sets of data were evaluable. Results showed that most men have a preference for big breasts (p<0.01); but this was not valid for artificial enlarged breasts - here many participants had a neutral attitude and the difference between the number of supporters and opponents was not significant (p-values between 0.11 and 0.92). The status of the relationship and the duration of being a single had no relation to the attitudes toward female breast-implants. The hypothesis that men without a partner are more willing to accept breast-implants than men in a relationship rendered only p-values between 0.56 and 0.96 (n.s.). Even the hypothesis "The longer the duration of being single, the higher the acceptance of breast-implants" showed only non-significant p-values between 0.28 and 0.84. Moreover, the classification of the own attractiveness (p=0.297, n.s.) as well as the score on the extraversion-introversion scale did not affect the attitude toward breast-implants (p=0.346, n.s.). The here presented data show that about half of men nowadays accept artificial enlarged breasts in women. Most distributions had multiple summits, i.e. the participants could be divided in (a) supporters, (b) opponents and (c) a neither/nor group to whom the girl behind the breast is more important. Whether a man is able to accept breast-implants in his girl-friend seems to be a very stable attitude, which is hardly influenced by personality dimensions. Even the duration of a life without a female partner has no significant impact on this attitude.
Abstract: Goal of this study was the investigation of men’s attitudes toward breast-implants of women. It was examined which opinion men have in regard to artificial filled breasts and whether a preference for big breasts exists, even if the breasts are filled with an implant. A questionnaire was developed, which registered men’s opinions concerning breast-i...
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Effect of Biofield Energy Healing Treatment (The Trivedi Effect®) Based Herbomineral Formulation on Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Expression in Murine Dendritic and Splenocyte Cells
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi,
Alice Branton,
Dahryn Trivedi,
Gopal Nayak,
Cathryn Dawn Nykvist,
Celine Lavelle,
Daniel Paul Przybylski,
Dianne Heather Vincent,
Dorothy Felger,
Douglas Jay Konersman,
Elizabeth Ann Feeney,
Jay Anthony Prague,
Joanne Lydia Starodub,
Karan Rasdan,
Karen Mie Strassman,
Leonid Soboleff,
Maire Anne Mayne,
Mary M. Keesee,
Padmanabha Narayana Pillai,
Pamela Clarkson Ansley,
Ronald David Schmitz,
Sharyn Marie Sodomora,
Sambhu Charan Mondal,
Snehasis Jana
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 6, November 2016
Pages:
179-188
Received:
15 November 2016
Accepted:
26 November 2016
Published:
8 December 2016
Abstract: The utilization and demand of self-medication with herbomineral-based formulations have increased day-by-day across the globe over the last decade. A new proprietary herbomineral formulation was prepared with the mixture of minerals (zinc, magnesium, and selenium) and the herbal root extract of ashwagandha. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the Biofield Energy Healing (The Trivedi Effect®) on the test herbomineral formulation using murine dendritic cells (DCs) and splenocytes in vitro. The formulation was divided into two parts, one part was control without any Biofield Energy Treatment, while the other part was defined as the Biofield Energy Treated sample, which received the Biofield Energy Healing Treatment remotely from eighteen renowned Biofield Energy Healers. The effect of the Biofield Energy Treated formulation in murine cells was monitored with an estimation of pro-inflammatory cytokines levels such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) and interleukin (IL-1β) in cell culture supernatants along with estimations of non-cytotoxic concentrations of the test formulation by MTT assay. The Biofield Treated formulation showed 114.2%, 122.6%, 141.2%, 127.8%, and 114.1% cell viability at concentrations 1.05, 5.2, 10.5, 25.6, and 51.2 µg/mL, respectively in DCs. Similarly, the Biofield Energy Treated and untreated formulations showed more than 100% cell viability in mice splenocytes at 5 µg/mL. The level of TNF-α in DCs was significantly (p≤0.05) inhibited by 19.21% in the Biofield Treated formulation at concentration 5.2 µg/mL as compared to the untreated test formulation. The level of MIP-1α in LPS induced mice splenocyte cells was reduced by 15.35% in the Biofield Energy Treated formulation at 0.0105 µg/mL as compared to the untreated formulation. Similarly, the level of IL-1β in LPS induced mice splenocyte cells was significantly (p≤0.05) reduced by 31.59% in the Biofield Treated formulation at 1.05 µg/mL as compared to the untreated formulation. Altogether, the results suggest that The Trivedi Effect® (Biofield Energy Healing Treatment) showed significant down-regulation of the tested pro-inflammatory cytokines expression and potentiated the immunosuppressive effect of the treated formulation to modulate the immune system. These data also suggest that the Biofield Treated test formulation can be used for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, stress management and anti-aging by improving overall health.
Abstract: The utilization and demand of self-medication with herbomineral-based formulations have increased day-by-day across the globe over the last decade. A new proprietary herbomineral formulation was prepared with the mixture of minerals (zinc, magnesium, and selenium) and the herbal root extract of ashwagandha. The current study was undertaken to evalu...
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Seroprevalance of Hepatitis B Virus Markers Among Village Midwives in Khartoum State, Sudan, 2014
Yosra Mohammed Osman Abu Swait,
Taha Ahmed Elmukashfi Elsheikh,
Abdelgadir Ali Bashir,
Siham Ahmed Balla,
Asma Abdelaal Abdalla,
Zeinab Swareldahab
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 6, November 2016
Pages:
189-193
Received:
18 November 2016
Accepted:
2 December 2016
Published:
6 January 2017
Abstract: Background information: HBV infection is a serious health problem and a leading cause for morbidity and mortality. Objective: To determine HBV markers ((Anti-HBcore (IgM), Anti-HBcore (IgG), HBsAb, HBsAg, and HBeAg)) among Village Midwifes in Khartoum State, Sudan, 2014. Method: It is a cross sectional study where 335 village midwives were surveyed. A pre-tested close ended questionnaire was used for demographic data. Five ml of venous blood was collected; sera were separated and stored at-20° centigrade for Eliza testing. All specimens were tested for Anti-HBcore (IgM), Anti-HBcore(IgG) and HBsAb. Positive specimens for Anti-HBcore were tested for HBsAg and positive specimens for HBsAg were tested for HBeAg. Data was analyzed by using statistical package of social sciences (SPSS) version (16). Z-test for single proportion was used to compare between the actual prevalence of HBV markers and the expected rates in the absence of risk. P value equal or less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant value. Result: Positive Anti-HBcore (IgG) accounted to 113 (34%), positive HBsAgwas 57 (57%), and positive HBsAb was 7%. The results were significant at 5% confidence level, since all P-values were less than 0.001. There was no positive HBeAgto express high infectivity rate or Anti-HBcore (lgM) to reflect acute infection rate among the respondents. Conclusion: Infection rate of HBV was high, while the related immunity was low among Village Midwives in Khartoum State, Sudan.
Abstract: Background information: HBV infection is a serious health problem and a leading cause for morbidity and mortality. Objective: To determine HBV markers ((Anti-HBcore (IgM), Anti-HBcore (IgG), HBsAb, HBsAg, and HBeAg)) among Village Midwifes in Khartoum State, Sudan, 2014. Method: It is a cross sectional study where 335 village midwives were surveyed...
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Assessment on Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women and Their New Born Baby in the Hospitalized Care System
U. K. Prodhan,
M. S. Islam,
M. R. Alam,
T. K. Vasker,
H. Kabir,
M. A. Alim
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 6, November 2016
Pages:
194-198
Received:
1 December 2016
Accepted:
20 December 2016
Published:
18 January 2017
Abstract: The study was conducted to know the nutritional status of pregnant women and their newborn babies (n=120) at Tangail Medical College and Hospital, Bangladesh. About 16% illiterate pregnant women were not any nutritional knowledge and delivered their first child before 20 years where, about 89% surgical delivery was needed and 21% of newborn did not get colostrum after birth. Although 78% newborn mothers were practiced exclusive breast feeding whereas, 22% mothers were given formula milk to their newborn babies. About 23.40% of the pregnant women checked their health status regularly but 76.6% women abstain from checkup that play great impact on mother and upcoming child. Moreover, about 55.50% pregnant women were taken medicine during pregnancy including 83% of the pregnant women were taken iron tablet whereas, 44.50% women were not taken medicine during pregnancy. About 83% of the newborn were weighted 2500 gm and above, whereas the rest of the newborn were weighted from 1500-2500gm. Besides, majority of the respondents were satisfied with hospitalized service and a small number of respondents claimed and unsatisfied with medical and health facilities of the hospital.
Abstract: The study was conducted to know the nutritional status of pregnant women and their newborn babies (n=120) at Tangail Medical College and Hospital, Bangladesh. About 16% illiterate pregnant women were not any nutritional knowledge and delivered their first child before 20 years where, about 89% surgical delivery was needed and 21% of newborn did not...
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