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Impact of Climate Change on the Outbreak of Infectious Diseases among Children in Bangladesh
A. K. M. Kamruzzaman,
Md. Sarwar Jahan,
Md. Redwanur Rahman,
Most. Manzuara Khatun
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
1-7
Received:
15 December 2014
Accepted:
28 December 2014
Published:
14 January 2015
Abstract: The impact of climate change and global warming are worldwide and global concern. Bangladesh is unfortunately home to many infectious diseases. Climate change related events like temperature, rainfall, humidity etc. have direct and indirect adverse impacts on the outbreak of infectious disease among children. A number of water, air and vector borne infectious diseases including diarrhoea, measles, rubella, kala-azar, malaria and dengue etc. are common in Bangladesh. A cross sectional study was carried out to observe the impact of climate factors on the incidence of air borne infectious disease among children in Bangladesh. The methodology of the study includes analysis of both secondary and primary data. Results showed the long-term changes of annual mean, maximum and minimum temperature of study area over the study period (1964-2011) found to have in general increasing trends in annual mean and annual mean minimum temperature but the mean maximum temperature slightly rising in recent past decades. Seasonal mean temperatures are also found to have increased trend. The long-term changes in annual rainfall that showed declining trend. Seasonal rainfalls also showed markedly reduced in winter and post autumn season. The primary data reveals that temperature is the main and rainfalls comes next as influencing factor for air borne measles like disease and their outbreak among children. The incidence of measles like disease was found positive correlation with maximum temperature and negatively correlated with average minimum temperature and total annual rainfalls. However, the current understanding of the impact of climate change on the outbreak of air borne infectious disease is not sufficient. To address the existing and future impact of climate change on the outbreak of infectious diseases among children, climate sensitive infectious disease surveillance and continuous monitoring to be considered and further studies are needed.
Abstract: The impact of climate change and global warming are worldwide and global concern. Bangladesh is unfortunately home to many infectious diseases. Climate change related events like temperature, rainfall, humidity etc. have direct and indirect adverse impacts on the outbreak of infectious disease among children. A number of water, air and vector borne...
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Knowledge, Attitude, Perceptions of Adult Males towards Childhood Immunizations in Southwest Nigeria
Segun Mathew Agboola,
Olusegun Adesola Busari,
Beatrice Titilola Segun-Agboola,
Toye Jude Olajide,
Olabode Muftau Shabi,
Olayide Toyin Elegbede
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
8-12
Received:
29 December 2014
Accepted:
15 January 2015
Published:
27 January 2015
Abstract: Background: Immunisation is a cost effective public health intervention in reducing morbidity and mortality from vaccine preventable diseases worldwide. In Nigeria, childhood immunisation against poliomyelitis is still bedeviled by setbacks which are multifactorial. Objectives: The objective of the study was to determine the knowledge, attitude and perceptions of adult males towards childhood immunizations in Nigeria. Methods: The research was a descriptive cross-sectional study of adult males in the Ido-Osi local government area of Ekiti state, southwest Nigeria. Multistage sampling method was used to select 320 adult males for the study, and a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data. Statistical analysis was done using the Epi Info 4. P value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Mean age (±SD) of the respondents was 48.4±12.6 years with range of 20-95 years. About half (50.6%) of the respondents were in the age group 40-59 years. 79.7% were married while only 2 were single with about two-thirds of the married respondents in monogamous family type. 82.3% were willing to support childhood immunization. The association between respondents’ religion and education, and willingness to support childhood immunization was found to be statistically significant: (x2=51.53; df=6; p=0.0000) and (x2=65.48; df=6; p=0.0000) respectively. Conclusion: The study showed that the knowledge of adult males about childhood immunization was high. The perception of childhood immunization as a means of protection from certain illnesses was also common and most men were willing to support it. The support for childhood immunization was significantly affected by religion and level of education.
Abstract: Background: Immunisation is a cost effective public health intervention in reducing morbidity and mortality from vaccine preventable diseases worldwide. In Nigeria, childhood immunisation against poliomyelitis is still bedeviled by setbacks which are multifactorial. Objectives: The objective of the study was to determine the knowledge, attitude and...
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Capacity for Development of Primary Care Residency Programs in Non-Teaching Hospitals in New York State (NYS)
Fabio V. Lima,
Karen Goldsteen,
Raymond L. Goldsteen,
Laura Chiu,
Shamuel Yagudayev,
Norman H. Edelman
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
13-17
Received:
3 December 2014
Accepted:
20 January 2015
Published:
30 January 2015
Abstract: Purpose: The demand for physicians in the U.S., especially those practicing adult primary care, is accelerating and will inevitably require the expansion of residencies, despite current constraints on funding for graduate medical education (GME). A previous study showed little interest in or capacity for expansion of primary care residencies in current teaching hospitals in NYS. This study examines the interest in and capacity for establishing new programs among current non-teaching hospitals in that state. Design and Methods: Chief Executive Officers of eligible non-teaching hospitals in NYS were surveyed and asked if they had interest in establishing a residency program, what medical specialties they would choose assuming availability of additional funds, and what barriers there were to residency development. Results: Fourteen of 46 (30%) NYS sites completed the survey. All but one was interested in establishing residencies; 85 percent would establish new programs in Emergency Medicine; 76 percent in Family Medicine; and 54 percent in Internal Medicine and/or Primary Care Internal Medicine. Virtually all cited significant concerns related to funding, faculty supply, and need for medical school affiliations. Conclusions: A minimum of 28 percent of non-teaching hospitals in NYS have a significant interest in establishing a GME program. If implemented this could increase training in Family Medicine by 40 percent and Internal Medicine by 11 percent. However, there are formidable financial and structural barriers to doing so. Enhanced support programs that go beyond lifting of the current GME cap will be necessary to increase the training of primary care physicians.
Abstract: Purpose: The demand for physicians in the U.S., especially those practicing adult primary care, is accelerating and will inevitably require the expansion of residencies, despite current constraints on funding for graduate medical education (GME). A previous study showed little interest in or capacity for expansion of primary care residencies in cur...
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HIV Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors among Rural Pregnant Women in North Central Nigeria
Christian Isichei,
Pamela Brown,
Mercy Isichei,
Jean Njab,
Tinuade Oyebode,
Prosper Okonkwo
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
18-23
Received:
4 January 2015
Accepted:
18 January 2015
Published:
30 January 2015
Abstract: Aim: To determine the prevalence of HIV infection and associated risk factors among rural pregnant women in Plateau state, Nigeria. Study Design: The study involved a cross-sectional study of pregnant rural women in antenatal clinics (ANCs) in five (5) rural villages of Mangu Local Government area of Plateau State, North Central Nigeria. Methodology: A total of 248 pregnant women with mean age of 26 years were recruited through a random sampling method during ANCs with pre and post counseling initiated and a structured survey questionnaire used. Venous blood samples were collected using needles and syringes, thereafter transported to a central point at Gindiri, centrifuged and serum sent to Plateau Specialist Hospital virology laboratory for HIV testing. Results: Participants with less than six (6) months planned postpartum sexual abstinence(cultural to abstain from Sexual Intercourse during pregnancy) were 8 times significantly more likely (OR 8.2; 95% CI 1.4, 42.0) to be infected compared with those who observed more than six (6) months planned postpartum abstinence. Also, women from polygamous marriages had a five-fold greater and significantly odds (OR 5.36; 95%CI 1.3, 24.5) of being HIV positive compared to women from monogamous marriages. Furthermore, parous women were 4 times significantly more likely (OR 4.66; 95%CI 1.1, 20.0) to be infected than nulliparous women. Previous exposure to malaria and educational status were not significantly associated with HIV infection. Conclusion: HIV prevalence was 3.2% (95% CI; 1.5 – 6.5)comparable to Nigerian’s current overall prevalence rate and high lights need to eliminate preventable risk factors and relevance of male involvement in HIV prevention especially during pregnancy including ANCs, Care, Treatment and Support. There was higher rate of HIV infection among women who did not abstain from sexual intercourse during pregnancy suggesting multiple partnerships and need for marital faithfulness especially from the men during pregnancy.
Abstract: Aim: To determine the prevalence of HIV infection and associated risk factors among rural pregnant women in Plateau state, Nigeria. Study Design: The study involved a cross-sectional study of pregnant rural women in antenatal clinics (ANCs) in five (5) rural villages of Mangu Local Government area of Plateau State, North Central Nigeria. Methodolog...
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Factors Contributing to Lower than Expected Recovery Rates of HIV Negative Children on the Therapeutic Feeding Program
Ephias Gudyanga,
Nyashadzashe Sharon Gudyanga,
Anna Gudyanga,
Ropafadzo Shumirai Tshalibe
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
24-36
Received:
14 January 2015
Accepted:
29 January 2015
Published:
9 February 2015
Abstract: The study sought to find out factors contributing to lower than expected recovery rates of HIV negative children on the therapeutic feeding program. Qualitative design was employed. Twenty (20) caregivers were interviewed at Gweru District Health Offices in Zimbabwe. Findings indicated that socio-economic factors, level of education and caring practices of the caregiver and the cultural practices to a larger extent contributed to the lower than expected recovery rates of HIV negative children on the therapeutic feeding program. Epi Info, used as database software showed that the exposure variables had an association with the outcome (recovery). Stunted children had 89% less chances of recovering, breast feeding children had 83% more chances of recovering unlike those not breast fed. Socio demographic factors had more impact on the recovery of the child. The Zimbabwean government should spend more money on quality nutritional programs to improve the state of malnutrition. More nutrition campaign is inevitable in an effort to promote health.
Abstract: The study sought to find out factors contributing to lower than expected recovery rates of HIV negative children on the therapeutic feeding program. Qualitative design was employed. Twenty (20) caregivers were interviewed at Gweru District Health Offices in Zimbabwe. Findings indicated that socio-economic factors, level of education and caring prac...
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Effects of Surya Nadi Pranayama on Components of Health-Related Fitness
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
46-51
Received:
1 February 2015
Accepted:
9 February 2015
Published:
15 February 2015
Abstract: The present study was conducted with the objective to determine the short term practice of Surya Nadi pranayama on components of health-related fitness. For the purpose of present study 36 university level girls between the age group of 21-26 years were selected. The subjects were purposively assigned into two groups: Group-A: Experimental (n1=18); Group-B: Control (n2=18). The subjects from Group-A: Experimental were subjected to a 4-weeks Surya Nadi pranayama. Student t test for paired samples was utilized to compare the means of the pre-test and the post-test. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, we conclude that the significant differences were found in components of health-related fitness (i.e., cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility) of university level girls. There was no significant difference between two groups were noted in muscular strength, muscular endurance, % body fat, fat weight and lean body weight of university level girls.
Abstract: The present study was conducted with the objective to determine the short term practice of Surya Nadi pranayama on components of health-related fitness. For the purpose of present study 36 university level girls between the age group of 21-26 years were selected. The subjects were purposively assigned into two groups: Group-A: Experimental (n1=18);...
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