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Longitudinal Changes in Uterine, Umbilical and Fetal MCA Doppler Indices in Late Onset Small Fetuses (Doppler in Small Fetuses)
Abdelhassib Salah Abdelhassib Saad,
Medhat Esam Eldeen Helmy,
Ahmed Nabil Abdelhameed Eissa,
Mohamed Momtaz Mohamed Awad,
Hassan Mostafa Ismael Gahfar,
Wael Gaber Elsyed El Damaty
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
222-228
Received:
6 August 2014
Accepted:
23 August 2014
Published:
10 September 2014
Abstract: Objectives: To determine the longitudinal trends and rates of conversion of normal to abnormal uterine (UtA), umbilical (UA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) Doppler velocimetry throughout the third trimester in late-onset small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetuses. Background: The finding of a small abdominal circumference should stimulate the sonographer to consider three possible: wrong date, normal small or abnormal small fetus. Methods: UtA, UA and MCA Doppler velocimetry was serially performed in a cohort of singleton consecutive late-onset SGA fetuses with normal Doppler values at diagnosis. The rate of conversion of normal to abnormal Doppler values was evaluated by survival analysis. Longitudinal trends were modeled by means of multilevel analysis. Results: A total number of study group included 150 SGA fetuses with normal Doppler upon diagnosis. Mean gestational age at inclusion and at delivery was 33.23 (SD 1.39) and 38.14 (SD 1.02) weeks, respectively. the longitudinal trends in UA PI and UtA PI showed no changes in contrast to MCA and CPR demonstrated a clear and progressive decrease in values from 7th week of follow up (37week of gestation) to delivery., mean MCA-PI 1.67 (SD 0.16) while mean CPR-PI 2.06 (SD 0.71) in all weeks of follow up for both. Conclusion: Late-onset SGA fetuses with normal Doppler velocimetry upon diagnosis show progression from 37 weeks’ gestation with worsening CPR followed by a decrease in MCA-PI.
Abstract: Objectives: To determine the longitudinal trends and rates of conversion of normal to abnormal uterine (UtA), umbilical (UA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) Doppler velocimetry throughout the third trimester in late-onset small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetuses. Background: The finding of a small abdominal circumference should stimulate the sonogr...
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Prevalence and Risk Factors for Obesity in a Nigerian Obstetric Population
Ajen Stephen Anzaku,
Achara Amaechi Peter,
Akaba Godwin Otuodichinma,
Yakubu Emmanuel Nyam
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
229-233
Received:
22 August 2014
Accepted:
1 September 2014
Published:
20 September 2014
Abstract: Background: An obese pregnant woman is at increased risk of pregnancy complications with resultant adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study was undertaken to ascertain the magnitude of this nutritional disorder and its predictive factors among an obstetric population in Nigeria. Materials and methods: A descriptive study of pregnant women who registered for antenatal care within the first trimester in a private University Teaching Hospital over a 7-month period. They were interviewed to document the requisite data, their weights and heights were also taken. Body mass index obesity and obesity were classified based on the WHO criteria. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16 for windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results: The mean weight and height of the women were 71.2 ± 14.9 Kg and 1.59 ± 0.06 meters respectively. The prevalence of obesity was 33.1%. Thirty two women (60.4%) had mild obesity, 16 (30.2%) had moderate obesity while 5 (9.4%) had severe or morbid obesity. Also, 32.5% (52/160) of the study population were overweight while 34.4% (55/160) had normal BMI. Maternal age > 35 years (P = 0.04, OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.01 – 8.15), history of previous delivery (P = 0.03, OR 4.8, 95% CI 1.08 – 5.55) and self-reported satisfactory income (P = 0.03, OR 4.6, 95% CI 1.11 – 8.86) were significant independent predictive factors of obesity among the study population. Conclusion: Obesity is common in this obstetric population and older women, previous delivery and self-reported satisfactory income were its predictive factors. The need for prenatal health awareness about obesity and identification of these women aimed at instituting early antenatal surveillance and identification of complication(s) is advocated.
Abstract: Background: An obese pregnant woman is at increased risk of pregnancy complications with resultant adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study was undertaken to ascertain the magnitude of this nutritional disorder and its predictive factors among an obstetric population in Nigeria. Materials and methods: A descriptive study of pregnant women who registe...
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Determinants of None-Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy among HIV-Infected Adults in Arba Minch General Hospital, Gamo Gofa Zone, Southern Ethiopia: A Case Control Study
Belay Dagnaw Bitew,
Yemane Berehane,
Eskezyiaw Agedew Getahun,
Direslgne Misker Abyu
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
234-240
Received:
19 August 2014
Accepted:
3 September 2014
Published:
20 September 2014
Abstract: Background: Non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy is a major challenge to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) care. For Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) to be effective, high level of adherence is required. In spite of this, there is no information on determinant none-adherence to antiretroviral therapy in the study area; therefore this study was conducted to identify predictors of none-adherence to antiretroviral therapy among People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Arba Minch General Hospital. Methods: Unmatched case-control study design was employed on 115 case and 347 controls. Non-adherence to ART is considered as case and adherence to ART is taken as control. Data was collected by using a structured pre-tested questionnaire and by using data abstraction format from ART registration chart. Binary logistic regression analysis was calculated to assess the presence and degree of association between dependent and independent variables; finally multivariate analysis was conducted to identify independent factors for none adherence. Result: From interviewed respondent majority of respondent 304(65.8%) were females and the rest 158(34.2%) were males. From all respondent 209(45%) were in age group 30-39 years. Factors like rural residence 6.30(3.01-13.15), PLWHA who has no family and community support 1.92(1.05-3.51), mobile phone adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.20(1.15-3.44)), alcohol drinker 5.88(2.86-12.09), malnutrition 2.83(1.18-6.77) and who consume low dietary diversity 7.18(3.43-15.04) and CD4 Count <250 cells/mm3 2.18(1.05-4.50) are the major identified significant factors for none adherence to ART treatment in the study area. Conclusion and recommendation: PLWHA, who has no family and community support, rural residence, not utilized mobile phone, alcohol drinker, under nutrition, who consume low dietary diversity and those with low CD4 count are major significant determinant factors for non-adherence to ART treatment. Therefore, the capacity to effectively manage the above critical factor is crucial in the success of antiretroviral therapy.
Abstract: Background: Non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy is a major challenge to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) care. For Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) to be effective, high level of adherence is required. In spite of this, there is no information on determinant none-adherence to antiretroviral therapy in the study area; therefore this study w...
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Knowledge Sharing Practice and its Associated Factors of Healthcare Professionals of Public Hospitals, Mekelle, Northern Ethiopia
Teklit Gebretsadik,
Gebremeskel Mirutse,
Kidane Tadesse,
Wondwossen Terefe
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
241-246
Received:
20 August 2014
Accepted:
5 September 2014
Published:
20 September 2014
Abstract: Knowledge is defined as human expertise, which is found in peoples mind and gained thorough experiences and interaction. Knowledge sharing is a social interaction culture, involving the exchange of employee knowledge and skills among colleagues within an organization. The main aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge sharing practice. Using cross-sectional study design data was collected from 305 random selected health professionals. STATA version 11 was used to analyze the data. Finally Logistic regression was used to assess the presence of the association between dependent and independent variables. Of the total participant 49.18% have knowledge sharing practice. The significant predictors of knowledge sharing practice were; motivation to transfer knowledge, salary increment, supportive leadership, knowledge sharing opportunity. The study revealed that there is still lower level of knowledge sharing, which is affected by leadership, openness, opportunity, amount of monthly income and staff motivation.
Abstract: Knowledge is defined as human expertise, which is found in peoples mind and gained thorough experiences and interaction. Knowledge sharing is a social interaction culture, involving the exchange of employee knowledge and skills among colleagues within an organization. The main aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge sharing practice. Us...
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Prevalence and Determinant Factors of Intestinal Parasites among School Children in Arba Minch Town, Southern Ethiopia
Desta Haftu,
Negussie Deyessa,
Eskzyiaw Agedew
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
247-254
Received:
28 August 2014
Accepted:
6 September 2014
Published:
20 September 2014
Abstract: Back ground: Intestinal parasitic infections are still quite common in developing countries including Ethiopia, particularly in children. They are mostly associated with unsafe and low quality of drinking water, poor personal and environmental sanitation. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and determinant factors of intestinal parasites among school children. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in March, 2014, among 498 students selected from three governmental elementary schools in Arbaminch- town, Southern Ethiopia using stratified multistage sampling method. Structured questionnaire was used to identify environmental, socio demographic and behavioral factors. Stool specimens were collected from all study subjects and were examined for intestinal parasites using direct smear (mount examination) and Formal-ether concentration techniques. Finally, data entry and analysis was done using Epi-info and SPSS statistical soft ware respectively. A bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was done. P value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: A total of nine parasites were detected .The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 27.7% (95% confidence interval (CI): (23.8-31.6%)). The predominant parasite was E.histolytica/dispar 64(12.9%) followed by A.lumboricoids 53(10.6%), H.nana 21 (4.2%) and G.lamblia 21 (4.2%). Hand washing practice before meal [AOR = 5.7; 95% CI (3.4, 9.7)], nail hygiene [AOR= 2.6; 95% CI (1.5, 4.4)], and children's mother educational level [ A OR =3.5; 95% CI (1.01, 11.4)] showed statistically significant association with high rates of intestinal parasitic infections. Conclusion and recommendations: The prevalence of intestinal parasites is high in the study area among school children .Thus, it indicates the need of interventions like health education regarding to personal hygiene and mass treatment.
Abstract: Back ground: Intestinal parasitic infections are still quite common in developing countries including Ethiopia, particularly in children. They are mostly associated with unsafe and low quality of drinking water, poor personal and environmental sanitation. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and determinant factors of inte...
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Knowledge of Obstetric Danger Signs and its Associated Factors in Arba Minch Town, Ethiopia
Yinager Workineh,
Desta Hailu,
Teklemariam Gultie,
Nega Degefu,
Minale Mihrete,
Melese Shimeles,
Melkamu Mahino,
Mekides Guesh,
Marta Alemu
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
255-259
Received:
28 August 2014
Accepted:
6 September 2014
Published:
20 September 2014
Abstract: Background: In many developing countries including Ethiopia, maternal morbidity and mortality still pose a substantial burden even if various programs are undertaken by public sectors as well as the non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Majority of maternal health sectors in developing countries consider knowledge of women about the obstetric danger signs as the first essential step in order to accept appropriate and timely referral to obstetric care. However, in Ethiopia little is known about the knowledge level of mothers about obstetric danger signs. Objective: To assess the level of knowledge about obstetrics danger signs among mothers who gave birth in the last three years prior to the survey in Arba Minch town, Ethiopia. Methods: A Community based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 20, 2013 to June 30, 2014 on a randomly selected sample of 390 women who had at least one delivery in the past three years. Multistage sampling technique was employed to select the study participants. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data. Bivariate and multivariate data analysis was performed using SPSS version 20.0 statistical software. Result: Three hundred ninety mothers participated in the study making a response rate of 100%. From all respondents, 24.1% of them were knowledgeable while 75.9% were not knowledgeable about obstetric danger signs that occurred during pregnancy, labor and postnatal period. Conclusion: Educational status, age, monthly income, and decision making power were independently associated with knowledge of obstetric danger signs. Thus, provision of information, education, facilitate income generating mechanisms , and communication targeting women, family and the community on danger signs of pregnancy and childbirth was recommended.
Abstract: Background: In many developing countries including Ethiopia, maternal morbidity and mortality still pose a substantial burden even if various programs are undertaken by public sectors as well as the non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Majority of maternal health sectors in developing countries consider knowledge of women about the obstetric dang...
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Sexual Initiation and Factors Associated with it among Addis Ababa University Undergraduate Students, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Mulu Tilahun Yigzaw,
Alemayehu Worku Yalew,
Alemayehu Bogale Mesfin,
Agumasie Semahegn Demisie
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
260-270
Received:
21 August 2014
Accepted:
16 September 2014
Published:
30 September 2014
Abstract: Background: Early onset of sexual intercourse associate with increased lifetime prevalence of sexual partners that increase the risk of exposure to sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancy. Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, or use of illicit drugs by youths associate with increased risks of sexual intercourse, multiple sexual partners and lower rates of condom use. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the proportion of sexual initiation and associated factors among Addis Ababa university undergraduate students. Methods: A cross-sectional institution based study design was conducted from November to December 2013 at Addis Ababa university undergraduate students. Multistage sampling technique was used to draw 1012 sample students. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaire method supplemented by focus group discussion. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression statistical analyses were employed to examine the relationship between sexual initiation and selected exposure factors. Statistical significant association was determined using 95% confidence interval of adjusted odd ratio and p value less than 0.05. Results: Thirty nine percent of the participants had sexual intercourse at the time of the survey, of which 129 (34.7%) were females. The mean age at first sexual intercourse was 17.6(±1.9). Majority 262 (27.4%) of sexually active students had their first sexual intercourse before the age of 18 years old. Being male [AOR=1.4; 95% CI: 1.1, 2.0], alcohol drinking [AOR=2.8; 95% CI: 2.0, 3.9], khat chewing [AOR=2.0; 95% CI: 1.4, 2.9] and watching pornographic movies [AOR=2.9; 95%CI: 1.9, 4.4] significantly associated with sexual initiation. Conclusion: There is high level of sexual initiation among the study participants. Significant proportion of students had multiple sexual partner and sexual practice without condom with non- regular sexual partners. The university and local health bodies should work together to address the identified risky sexual practices with particular focus on behavior change communication.
Abstract: Background: Early onset of sexual intercourse associate with increased lifetime prevalence of sexual partners that increase the risk of exposure to sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancy. Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, or use of illicit drugs by youths associate with increased risks of sexual intercourse, multiple sexual ...
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Comparison of Kato-Katz and Formol-Ether Concentration Methods for the Diagnosis of Intestinal Helminthic Infections among School Children of Wonji Shoa Town, Eastern Ethiopia: A School Based Cross-Sectional Study
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
271-274
Received:
31 August 2014
Accepted:
17 September 2014
Published:
30 September 2014
Abstract: Background: Intestinal helminthic infections are among the most common infections in the world and are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality. The diagnosis of these infections commonly relies on the detection of helminth egg or larvae in stool. The objective of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance of kato-katz thick smear and formol-ether concentration methods for the diagnosis of helminthic infections among Wonji Shoa town primary school children. Method: Institution based cross-sectional study design was used. 669 primary school students were selected using simple random sampling technique. Stool samples were examined using formol-ether concentration and kato-katz thick smear techniques. Results were shown in tables, percent and prevalence rates. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Result: The stool concentration method showed that the prevalence of S. mansoni was (28.3%), A. lumbricoides (15.2%), Hookworms (12.1%) and T. trichiura (12.1%) respectively. Both Taenia species and H. nana were equally prevalent (3.0%). However, Kato-katz method showed a prevalence of 20.2%, 8.1% and 5.8% for S. mansoni, A. lumbricoides and Hookworms respectively. The sensitivity of the two techniques was statistically significant (p=0.02). Conclusion: Even though the Kato-katz thick smear is the most recommended method for epidemiological study of S. mansoni, in this study, it has lower sensitivity than concentration technique in the diagnosis of each type of helminthes. Since human intestinal parasitic infections are high in the study area; mass treatment, snail control and health education were strongly recommended.
Abstract: Background: Intestinal helminthic infections are among the most common infections in the world and are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality. The diagnosis of these infections commonly relies on the detection of helminth egg or larvae in stool. The objective of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance of kato-katz thick s...
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Quality of Life at Levels of Physical Activity of Volunteers from the University Community
Erika Da Silva Maciel,
Roberto Vilarta,
Dênis Marcelo Modeneze,
Jaqueline Girnos Sonati,
Guanis Barros Vilela Junior,
Marília Oetterer
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
275-283
Received:
9 September 2014
Accepted:
23 September 2014
Published:
30 September 2014
Abstract: The objective of this research was to assess the quality of life of volunteers from the University of São Paulo at different levels of physical activity. To evaluate the quality of life perception, the WHOQOL-bref. Nutritional status was evaluated through the body mass index (BMI). The level of physical activity was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) (short version typical week). All these instruments were utilized to compose a computerized system of data collection. Among the findings it is highlighted that most of the 1,966 participants are single (65.9%), undergraduate students (52.6%) originated from the Campus of São Paulo city (50.9%), 32.3% are overweight and 65.5% meet the recommendation for regular physical activity. It was observed that the most active individuals exhibit higher scores in all areas of life quality which justifies actions to increase physical activity on the academic community.
Abstract: The objective of this research was to assess the quality of life of volunteers from the University of São Paulo at different levels of physical activity. To evaluate the quality of life perception, the WHOQOL-bref. Nutritional status was evaluated through the body mass index (BMI). The level of physical activity was measured using the International...
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Malaria Related Knowledge and Child to Parent Communication Regarding Prevention and Control of Malaria among Primary School Students in Jimma Zone, South West Ethiopia
Yamrot Debela,
Zewdie Birhanu,
Yohannes Kebede
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
284-290
Received:
2 September 2014
Accepted:
17 September 2014
Published:
10 October 2014
Abstract: Background: Malaria still imposes an enormous burden in terms of morbidity and loss of life. It is assumed that school based health education can help to promote community wide awareness and prevention of malaria. But, evidence is limited on the extent to which school children are equipped with appropriate and scientific information about malaria and communicate with their parents. Objective: To assess malaria related knowledge and child to parent communication regarding prevention and control of malaria among primary school students. Methods: Institution based cross sectional study was conducted in three selected Woredas of Jimma zone, south west Ethiopia from march, 15 to 30, 2014. The study recruited 432 samples of school children in 10 selected schools from the three woredas. A multi stage sampling method followed by simple random sampling was carried out to select the samples. The data were collected using pretested structured questionnaire adapted from similar studies. EPI-DATA version 3.1 was used to enter the data and data was exported to SPSS version 20.0 for further statistical analysis. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used. Adjusted odds ratios and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals were used to assess the association between individual variables with the outcome variable in the multivariate analysis with a p-value of (< 0.05). Result: The mean score of students for comprehensive knowledge related to malaria was 6.13+ 1.88. The major source of information was radio (42.2%). Nearly half (49.5%) of students communicate with their family about malaria and the major areas of communication were concerning symptoms and prevention and control methods. Age [AOR, 95% CI, 1.18 (1.04, 1.34)], comprehensive knowledge [AOR, 95% CI, 1.34(1.19, 1.50)] and perceived parental readiness to learn from children [AOR, 95% CI, 2.09 (1.43, 3.06)] were independent predictors of child to parent communication. Conclusion: In this study comprehensive knowledge about malaria was found to be high among the students. However, knowledge gap about the cause and transmission were also observed among the students. Malaria health education should be strengthened in the schools to advance malaria knowledge and foster communication behavior of the students and health facilities should give attention for schools through equipping teachers with information about malaria prevention and control strategies so that such knowledge could be passed on to students.
Abstract: Background: Malaria still imposes an enormous burden in terms of morbidity and loss of life. It is assumed that school based health education can help to promote community wide awareness and prevention of malaria. But, evidence is limited on the extent to which school children are equipped with appropriate and scientific information about malaria a...
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Prevalence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Associated Risk Factors in Prisons of Gamo Goffa Zone, South Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Zerihun Zerdo,
Girmay Medhin,
Adane Worku,
Gobena Ameni
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
291-297
Received:
21 September 2014
Accepted:
27 September 2014
Published:
10 October 2014
Abstract: Background: There is limited information regarding tuberculosis (TB) in prisons in Ethiopia. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in prisons and assess associated risk factors among inmates suspected for pulmonary tuberculosis in Gamo Goffa Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used to recruit 124 inmates in Gamo Goffa Zone, Southern Ethiopia, between November 1 and March 3, 2011. During the study period there were a total of 3817 prisoners in the three prisons of the study Zone. Inmates were eligible for the study if they had cough for more than or equal to two weeks during the study period. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data on risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis. Sputum samples were collected from suspected inmates and examined using sputum smear microscopy and culture on Lowenstein-Jensen media. Results: The prevalence of pulmonary TB among inmates who had cough for at least 2-weeks was 19.4% (24/124). Extrapolation of the finding implies that there were 629 pulmonary tuberculosis cases during the survey period per 100,000 prisoners. Smoking, previous history of treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis, poor ventilation of the cell, cough for more than four weeks before diagnosis and decreased body mass index were significantly associated with increased odds of being positive for pulmonary tuberculosis. Conclusion: The estimated prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis was about 8 folds higher than its counterpart in the community which was in line with the findings of previous studies in Ethiopia. This implies the need for tuberculosis control measures to be targeted on factors driving tuberculosis in southern Ethiopia: improving ventilation status of cells in prisons, monitoring nutritional status of prisoners and restricting access to smoking.
Abstract: Background: There is limited information regarding tuberculosis (TB) in prisons in Ethiopia. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in prisons and assess associated risk factors among inmates suspected for pulmonary tuberculosis in Gamo Goffa Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sec...
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Statistical Modelling for Risk Factors of High Blood Pressure in Women
Muhammad Akbar Ali Shah,
Shakila Khanum,
Huma Qasim
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
298-302
Received:
15 September 2014
Accepted:
29 September 2014
Published:
10 October 2014
Abstract: The main objective of the study is to find out the risk factors of high blood pressure among women. A cross sectional survey was conducted at the public and private hospitals of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Saturation sampling technique was utilized to gather information. SPSS version 21 was used for statistical analysis. Results showed that the risk factors of high blood pressure are age, income, employment status, physical inactivity, tea, fruit in taking habit, inherited hypertension, stress and sleeplessness.
Abstract: The main objective of the study is to find out the risk factors of high blood pressure among women. A cross sectional survey was conducted at the public and private hospitals of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Saturation sampling technique was utilized to gather information. SPSS version 21 was used for statistical analysis. Results showed that the risk...
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Prevalence and Predictors of Dyslipidemia on HAART and HAART Naive HIV Positive Persons in Defense Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Habtamu Wondiferaw Bayenes,
Mehidi Kassim Ahmed,
Tilahun Yemane Shenkute,
Yaregal Asres Ayenew,
Lealem Gedefaw Bimerew
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
303-309
Received:
18 September 2014
Accepted:
5 October 2014
Published:
20 October 2014
Abstract: Background: The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has led to a marked reduction in Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) related morbidity and mortality. However, HAART has been reported to be associated with a number of side effects in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive persons among which dyslipidemia and lipodystrophy are common metabolic disorders. Objective: To assess the prevalence and predictors of dyslipidemia among HAART and HAART naive HIV positive persons in Defense Hospital, Addis Ababa-Ethiopia. Methods: A facility based comparative cross-sectional study among 228 HIV positive persons was conducted from September to October 2013. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected using structured questionnaires. Fasting venous blood sample was drawn for laboratory analysis. Lipid profiles were measured using clinical chemistry analyzer (HumStar80, USA). CD4 cell counting was done using BD FACS Count™ (BD, USA). Anthropometric measurement was done. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20 for windows. Result: A total of 228, 114 on HAART and 114 HAART naïve HIV positive persons, were enrolled in the study. The overall prevalence of dyslipidemia was 63.6%. Prevalence of dyslipidemia in HAART naive and on HAART HIV positive persons was 61(53.5%) and 84(73.7%), respectively. The prevalence of TC≥200 mg/dl was 50% and 30%; HLD-c<40 mg/dl was 43.8% and 36%; LDL-c≥130mg/dl was 48.3% and 28.1%; and TG≥150 mg/dl 59.6% and 39% among on HAART and HAART naïve, respectively. Age greater than 40 years old (AOR = 3.27, 95% C.I: 1.47 - 7.25), blood pressure ≥ 140/90 (AOR = 16.13, 95% C.I: 5.81 - 44.75), being on HAART (AOR = 2.73, 95 % C.I: 1.35 - 5.53), and body mass index > 25kg/m2 (AOR = 1.92, 95 % C.I: 1.20 - 4.81) were identified as determinants of dyslipidemia. Conclusion: The mean value of lipid profile was significantly higher on HAART as compared to HAART naïve HIV positive persons. It is important to have well controlled cohort studies for the evaluation of long-term effects of HAART on lipid profiles.
Abstract: Background: The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has led to a marked reduction in Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) related morbidity and mortality. However, HAART has been reported to be associated with a number of side effects in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive persons among which dyslipidemia and ...
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Body Mass Index Influences the Age at Menarche and Duration of Menstrual Cycle
Sonia Izoduwa Osayande,
Janet Ogochukwu Ozoene,
Emmanuel Amabebe
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
310-315
Received:
26 September 2014
Accepted:
7 October 2014
Published:
20 October 2014
Abstract: The changing trends in the prevalence of childhood obesity, early puberty and menarche, and ethnoracial differences in the effect of BMI on the reproductive characteristics of young females around the world, warrants continuous evaluation. Hence, this study aims to investigate possible variations in the influence of BMI on the age at menarche as well as duration of menstrual cycle and menses in young girls in two urban areas in southern Nigeria. Participants (n = 52; median age = 20 years) were classified into 3 groups: normal, NM (n = 27; BMI = 21.0 ± 2.0 Kg/m2), overweight, OW (n = 14; BMI = 28.1 ± 1.2 Kg/m2) and obese, OB (n = 11; BMI = 31.5 ± 0.6 Kg/m2). BMI was calculated from the equation; BMI = weight, kg/height, m2. Cross-sectional data on menarche and menstrual cycle patterns were obtained through self-administered questionnaires. Data analysis showed a statistically significant difference in the BMI (p< 0.0001). Though the mean(± SD) ages at menarche were similar (NM = 13.0 ± 1.2 years; OW = 12.9 ± 0.9 years; OB = 13.7 ± 0.9 years)(p> 0.05), the average duration of the menstrual cycle (NM = 27.3 ± 1.4 days; OW = 27.9 ± 0.6 days; OB = 29.4 ± 1.4 days) and menstrual bleeding (NM = 4.4 ± 0.6 days; OW = 4.4 ± 0.8 days; OB = 5.4 ± 0.9 days) differed significantly according to the BMI (p< 0.0001 and p< 0.05 respectively). There was an increase in the average length of the menstrual cycle and menses with increased BMI (r = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.28 – 0.69, p< 0.0001) and (r = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.12 – 0.59, p< 0.05) respectively. However, the correlation between BMI and age at menarche was weak (r = 0.25, 95% CI = -0.02 – 0.49, p> 0.05); and the average duration of the menstrual cycle tend to decrease with older menarcheal age, though this was not statistically significant (r = -0.02, 95% CI = -0.29 – 0.26, p> 0.05). Girls with higher BMI experience longer menstrual cycle and menses compared to their normal weight counterparts. The effect of BMI on age at menarche and the relationship between early onset of menarche and the duration of menstrual cycles and menses later in life may not be causal. Further investigations may resolve these differences in relation to the reproductive characteristics of young females.
Abstract: The changing trends in the prevalence of childhood obesity, early puberty and menarche, and ethnoracial differences in the effect of BMI on the reproductive characteristics of young females around the world, warrants continuous evaluation. Hence, this study aims to investigate possible variations in the influence of BMI on the age at menarche as we...
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Primary Nasal Tuberculosis: Case Report
Nalan Alev Canbolat,
Erkan Tezcan,
Serdar Yanık,
Ayse Neslin Akkoca,
Zeynep Tugba Ozdemir,
Aysegul Kaynar,
Ebru Tastekin
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
316-318
Received:
24 September 2014
Accepted:
9 October 2014
Published:
20 October 2014
Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that can exist in all organs and tissues. Although pulmonary TB is a more common form, extrapulmonary tuberculosis ( EPT) is still a major clinical problem. A fifty-four years old female patient attended with a complaint of a wound causing crusting and occasionally bleeding for 5 months , with no response to the use of antibiotics. Otorhinolaryngological examination including anterior rhinoscopy revealed a 1x1.5cm hypertrophic, irregular mucosal lesion on the left side of caudal septum. Excisional biopsy was performed. Pathological examination was reported as granulomatous inflammation. Pulmonary TB was not detected in chest clinic consultation. As a result of the clinical and histopathological evaluation the patient was diagnosed with primary nasal TB and anti-tuberculosis treatment was performed. As a result, primary nasal TB is a rare clinical entity but should always be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis.
Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that can exist in all organs and tissues. Although pulmonary TB is a more common form, extrapulmonary tuberculosis ( EPT) is still a major clinical problem. A fifty-four years old female patient attended with a complaint of a wound causing crusting and occasionally bleeding for 5 months , with no response ...
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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Iron Deficiency Anemia among Children in Yemen
Ebtesam Mahdi Al-Zabedi,
Fahme Abdulkalk Kaid,
Hany Sady,
Abdulelah Hussein Al-Adhroey,
Adel Ali Amran,
Mohamed Taha Al-Maktari
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
319-326
Received:
28 September 2014
Accepted:
9 October 2014
Published:
20 October 2014
Abstract: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common nutritional anemia and considered a major public health problem worldwide. This cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of IDA among 187 children aged below 15 years from rural areas in Yemen. Clinical data was collected by measuring hemoglobin level (Hb), serum iron (SI), serum ferritin (SF), and total iron binding capacity (TIBC). Moreover, fecal samples were collected and examined for the presence of intestinal parasites. Demographic and socioeconomic data was collected by a pretested questionnaire. The overall prevalence of anemia and IDA was 48.7% and 34.2%, respectively with IDA represents 70.2% of all anemia cases. Univariate analysis showed significant associations between IDA and age, gender, parent educational level, monthly household income, intestinal parasitic infections. However, gender (female), low household monthly income and low level of mothers’ education were retained by multivariate analysis as the risk factors of IDA. In conclusion, IDA is a serious health problem among children in rural Yemen and there is a need for national intervention strategies and programs to improve the socioeconomic status and health education which will help significantly in controlling anemia and IDA among these children.
Abstract: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common nutritional anemia and considered a major public health problem worldwide. This cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of IDA among 187 children aged below 15 years from rural areas in Yemen. Clinical data was collected by measuring hemoglobin level (Hb), ...
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